In its most compact form, as an equation, the law may be written In any case, it is adequate to state Newton’s third law as a law of equal and opposite forces. Why Newton chose to use the word “action” instead of the word “force” is not certain 2-perhaps to let “action” summarize both the idea of “force” and the idea of “change of momentum,” perhaps only for the linguistic reason that “action” has a convenient opposite, “reaction,” and “force” does not. The second half of the statement explains that the equal and opposite forces exist between any pair of interacting bodies, and then goes on to emphasize the vector nature of the law. In modern terminology, the same statement would be rendered: “For every force in nature there is always an equal and opposite force or the mutual forces of two bodies upon each other are always equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.” The first half of Newton’s statement of the third law says that all of nature’s forces come in balanced pairs, equal and opposite. To every action there is always opposed an equal reaction or the mutual actions of two bodies upon each other are always equal, and directed to contrary parts. Newton phrased his third law of mechanics in this way: The Submicroscopic Frontier: Reductionism Physics At The End Of The Nineteenth Century: The Seeds Of Rel & QM The “System Of The World”: How The Heavens Drove Mechanics ![]() Faith In Simplicity As A Driver Of Science Early History Of Radioactivity And Transmutation Pauli Letter Proposing What Came To Be Called The Neutrino The Line Of Nuclear Stability Bends And Ends Why Are There No Electrons In The Nucleus? H-Atom Wave Functions And Classical Correspondence Bohr’s Triumph: Explaining The Rydberg Constant Planck’s Constant As The Particle-Wave Link Localization Of Waves Relation To Uncertainty Principle Why Is The Hydrogen Atom As Big As It Is? Waves And Particles (The de Broglie Equation) The Fourth Dimension: Spacetime And Momenergy ![]() Momentum In Relativity, And Another Approach To E = mc 2 Agreement And Disagreement: Relativistic And Classical Early Links Between Electricity And Magnetism Six Versions Of The Second Law Of Thermodynamics From Kepler’s Laws To Universal Gravitation Work And Its Relation To Kinetic And Potential Energy The Isotropy Of Space And Angular-Momentum Conservation Space Homogeneity And Momentum Conservation Newton’s Third Law: Its Formulation, Its Significance
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